Tag: water

Basic Hydroponics

September 22, 2022June 11, 2023 Willy Green No Comments

Basic Hydroponics – What exactly is it?

What exactly is hydroponics? Generally speaking, basic hydroponics is the process of growing plants in hydroton (clay pellets), gravel, or sand, instead of using soil. There are many different variations of hydroponic farming and, of course, there are many opinions on all of them. Some are pretty basic and straightforward while others are somewhat complicated. Here is one option if you are looking to try your first hydroponic set up. Overall, no matter which method of hydroponic farming you use, you should see better results than you did with soil. It can feel daunting at first with all of the stuff you will need to buy and set up, but let me assure you that once everything is set up, it will actually be less work than if you had just grown with soil the whole time. This is a great place to start if you are new to hydroponic farming.

Pros – In my opinion, the pro’s will far outweigh the con’s, but nonetheless, lets go over everything so you can really know what you are getting into before you make the investment.

Your plants will grow bigger and at a faster rate than if you had a similar set up with soil. You will have bigger fruits and veggies or whatever it is that you are growing.

I rarely have had issues with pests. More often than not, we will bring bugs into our garden when we buy soil from the stores. Pest problems have been way less of an issue with hydroponics. That’s not to say that you will never have an issue. It’s just less likely to be as much of an issue than it is with soil.
I feel that the maintenance is way less of an issue. Think of it like this. When we grow with soil, we have go to the store and buy it, bring it home, and then use it in our garden. Then after you are done growing, you will end up tossing it. Then go to the store and get some more. With hydro, we are using Hydroton (clay pellets) in place of soil. And Hydroton is reusable. The only other thing we are putting in here is water and some nutrients.

Cons – Yes there are some things to consider here. It’s not all fun and games.

- If you lose power for very long you can lose whatever it is you are growing. If it’s just a few hours, you should be ok. If it’s much longer than that, you could be in for a rough day.
- It costs more to set up at first than soil. This list consists of about ten item’s and that doesn’t even include the light if you are growing indoors. While it can save you money with time, it is definitely not the cheapest way to go especially at first.
- Depending on how big your set up is, it could raise your electricity bill. Now this would be more of an issue in regards to the light fixture that you use if you are growing indoors, but nonetheless, it’s worth mentioning. If you have a small set up then this really should not be an issue at all, but depending on where you live, you could see your bill go up.

Deep Water Culture

D.W.C. or Deep Water Culture is, in my opinion, the easiest of all the different methods of hydroponic farming. Here is a list of everything you need to set up a single plant, but keep in mind that you can add on to this single plant system and make it a multiple plant system very easily. I will explain everything. Don’t hesitate to message me if you have any questions getting started.

A round bucket – Preferably dark or at least thick enough so that light will not penetrate through to the water. You don’t want light to penetrate to the water because light promotes algae and mold growth on the roots. This is something you definitely don’t want to happen. I know they do have food grade buckets as well and I think they are thick so light is not an issue. Just make sure it is thick so light cant penetrate it and it needs to be round not square.

A Net Pot lid – You will need a “Net pot lid” which is the lid that will go on top of the bucket. It has the mesh built right into it. It will hold Hydroton and the plant itself. .

Hydroton – Hydroton is basically just clay pellets. They take the place of soil. They will hold the plant in place while it is growning. And one really nice thing about hydroton is that it is reusable! Just give it a thorough rinsing between uses.

Nutrients – Yes you will need to buy nutrient’s for the water. There are many different varieties of nutrients for all types of different plants. So you are thinking, “where do I even begin?” Well a solid place to start is with General Hydroponic’s Flora series. I have personally used these products for years with excellent results. They are very easy to use. The instructions are right on the bottles. This is a three part system and I know that can sound intimidating, but it’s actually very simple and there are a couple of tools that you will use to guide you along the way so you will know exactly where you stand.

pH tester – You will need a pH tester so that you can keep the pH where the plants need it to be. It all depends on what you are growing, but generally speaking you will want to keep the pH around 5.6-6.0

T.D.S. meter – T.D.S. = Total Dissolved Solids. It basically means exactly how many nutrients are in the water and it is measured in P.P.M. or Parts Per Million. Too little and the plant will be hungry for food. Too much and you will burn the plant and most likely kill it. When just starting out, I prefer to error on the side of caution especially with younger plants or seedlings. Go with 1/4 strength or less. You can always add more if needed. Now generally speaking, you will want to be in the range of 800-1500 ppm (parts per million) depending on your plant and what cycle of plant life you are in at the time. A quick google search of your specific plant will tell you exactly where you will want things to be.

pH up & pH down – Were you wondering how you were going to adjust your pH levels if they are off? Well this is what you will use for that step. It is just two liquids. One will adjust your pH up and the other will adjust it down. Just use whatever the recommended amount is and then mix it up well. Wait a minute or two and then measure your p.H again and see how you are looking.

Air pump – Next on our list is an air pump. Just like the kind you would use for a fish tank. This is how we are going to keep the water / nutrient combination oxygenated. There are many different kind of air pumps so lets make it a little easier. If you are just doing one or two plants or buckets then a single air pump with a single or double outlet is fine. But if you are like most people, you will be doing multiple buckets. So then you will want to get a little bit better air pump with the option to have up to 8 buckets or plants. You will really want something like this. This is something I personally use so I know it works very well.

Air stones & air line – These are the little stones that you would see inside of a fish tank where the bubbles come out of. One air stone per bucket. Make sure you soak them in water for about 10-15 minutes before you start using them. The air line is 1/4″ plastic tubing preferably in black as we don’t want light penetrating the lines because that will promote mold growth.

A Seedling – And finally you will need a seedling or a rooted cutting. You can also you an established plant although you don’t want one that is too big. You will need to remove the plant from the container and carefully remove the soil from the roots. Are you seeing why you want to start with something small?

Ok so now we have a list of everything that we will need to get started. So where do we begin? Lets get that first bucket set up.

Start soaking your air stones in water. They need to soak for at least 10-15 minutes before you start running air through them.
Drill a 1/4′ hole through the top of your bucket about 1″ from the top. You will need this hole to run your air line through to your air stone which will be at the bottom of the bucket.

Once your air stones have soaked for 10-15 minutes or longer, grab one and hook up your 1/4″ black air line to it. Run that line through the hole in the top of the bucket to your air pump. If you bought a pump that has a carburetor in it, make sure all of the other ports are turned to the off except for the one that you are using. This will maximize your air going to the air stone and produce more bubbles. More bubbles equals more oxygen in the water which is definitely a good thing.
Fill your bucket about 3/4 full of water or fill it to just below where the Net Lid bottom sits. Add your nutrients specific to whatever it is that you are growing. If it is a seedling or clone, go with about 1/4 strength. Generally that should be at about 200 ppm on your T.D.S. meter, but it’s ok to go a little less than that at first. Seedlings and clones barely need anything. Once they have been in there for a week or two you can start to increase the amount of nutrients that you are feeding it.
Check your pH. Most plants are happy with their pH being somewhere between 5.5 to 7. But do your homework on your specific plants. You will want to check the pH after you have added nutrients because your pH can change after adding nutrients and you don’t want to do it twice.

Grab your rooted clone or seedling. Be extra careful with this step. Take your clone and gently feed some of the roots through the net pot bottom and at the same time begin placing some hydroton around the clone. Be sure to hold the clone with one hand while using your other hand to put the hydroton into the net pot. You really want to be sure that you don’t disturb the plant too much. Assume that you are performing surgery here. You don’t want to hurt the plant at all. You want to fill the hydroton up enough to hold the clone in place firmly. If you haven’t already placed the lid on the bucket, now is the time. You should have some roots dangling from the bottom of the net lid into the water / nutrient solution.
Plug in and turn on your air pump. You should see a nice healthy amount of bubbles. That’s it! Put it under a light or keep it in front of a window.
Check your pH and water levels daily until you have an idea of just how much things change. Stay on top of it. Early on things won’t change very quickly, but once everything is established, you will be very surprised just how fast one plant can go through water and nutrients in a short amount of time.

Conclusion

Overall, I have really enjoyed solid results with the D.W.C. or Deep Water Culture method. Hopefully you aren’t still saying “hydroponics, what exactly is it? You should now at least have a basic understanding of what hydroponics exactly is. Yes it can be a little bit intimidating at first, but once you see how it works, you see that it’s really not so complicated. It really is a great starting point for anyone contemplating starting their own Hydroponic set up. I promise that you will be amazed at just how quickly your plants will grow. At times, you will literally see substantial growth each day.

Can I Water My Plants With Tea?

July 16, 2021February 3, 2023 Willy Green No Comments

Can I Water My Plants With Tea?

Have you ever been sitting out in your garden enjoying a cup of tea and when your finished there’s some left in the tea pot. You could put it down the drain however that would be a waste of water. You maybe wondered “Can I water my plants with tea?”

Let’s find out…

What benefits are there in watering with drunken tea? If you conduct a chemical analysis of tea, you can find in the composition of the drink minerals and organic matter, as well as tannins, that will acidify your soil. Not all houseplants need such acidification.

We can certainly say that ferns that suffer from the action of carbonate salts in soil or water as well as cacti that love hard water and the tannins it contains, respond well to tea.

The rest of the houseplants, however, react to the watering of the teapot with a lot of disdain or probably disgust. More so, there is no reliable experimental data that would prove the obvious benefit of such a fertilizer.

There is an opinion that regular mulching of the soil with tea residue helps to retain moisture, and if you make tea leaves under flowers indoors and gently store them in a flowerpot, the plants will receive a fertilizer with an extended lifespan.

Disadvantages of Watering Your Plants with Tea

Flavored tea with additives can lead to dramatic consequences for flowers including root rot and imbalance of soil nutrients.

Watering plants with tea leaves that contain sugar provokes the appearance of a fungus mosquito in the pot, black midges, and other pests that are not easily eliminated. These pests will start a toxic relationship with your flower and will require a huge chunk of alimony to severe the marriage.

When using moldy tea, you can introduce bacteria, mold in the soil (apparently) and cause soil contamination.

For cases of domestic greenhouses that prefer acidic soil, such addition can only do more damage than good.

Top Tip: You can determine the acidification of the soil by such signs as a greenish coating on the soil, which gives off an unpleasant smell, rotting of inflorescences and leaves, as well as mold on the petioles of plants.

These arguments will make the supporters of the “grandmother” methods reflect and think deeply. But if you are a cultured person and can’t be dissuaded by what neighborhood folks think, you might as well go ahead with teeing up your flower, pun intended.

How to Use Tea Leaves for Irrigation and Fertilizer?

This option may be acceptable to supporters of organic floriculture, as natural remedies have recently become widespread.

Top Trick: Any tea can be used for watering: black, green, herbal. The main thing is that it does not contain additives and flavors of synthetic origin.

How to Water Plants With Tea Infusion?

Make sure your flowers need soil acidification. Plants like tomatoes, oxalis poinsettia, and east lily thrive in acidic conditions. A simple soil test can be performed with a litmus test.

You do not need to constantly pour this fertilizer under the flowers, several times a month is enough. Avoid watering your plants with tea that has added sugar, acidic or moldy solution. You can use a cool, weak, unsweetened solution at room temperature.

Top Trick: If, in addition to watering, the tea leaves also flow under the flowers, then it is necessary to strictly fix the amount of them, mixing them with the top layer of the soil. This method will help maintain humidity, which will require you to water the plant less often.

Some Other Ways to Use Tea Leaves.

If you are a tea addict like many of us, then you might be “elated” to discover that there are other means to use them.

A large amount of waste after drinking tea can be turned into a drainage layer when planting a flower in a new pot.

To do this, lay the tea leaves on the layer of expanded clay, sprinkle with earth and plant a flower. When it reaches the roots of the lower soil layer, part of the tea leaves already decompose and serve as organic fertilizer.

Instead of a drainage layer, the dried tea leaves are mixed with the flower soil when a plant is transplanted into another pot. This additive is acceptable if the soil is dense, then it acts as a baking powder.

Wrapping Up

So, if you use tea for watering, then you should do it following all the rules, do not use additives and flavorings, or moldy raw materials. This method is best for plants that prefer acidic soil and hard water with tannins.

When adopting this method, try to regularly loosen the soil under the flowers indoors and monitor the condition of the plants. When midges and other insects appear, you need to cultivate the soil and reduce watering.

When to Water Plants? The Best Time to Water is………

June 2, 2019July 27, 2023 Willy Green No Comments

When to Water Plants? The Best Time to Water is.........

All plants, even the so-called drought-resistant varieties need water. The difference lies in the amount of water that each plant variety needs in order to grow healthy and produce high yields. So, what is the best time to water an indoor or an outdoor garden? The answer to this question varies greatly depending on the specific conditions and location of your garden.

However, the fact is that there are really only two correct answers. The first step, even before considering when to water the plants, is the amount of water the vegetables you intend to grow in your garden will require. You can then decide to either water your plants early in the morning or later in the afternoon. We will discuss the reasons to support both of these options.

Water Your Plants in the Morning

The optimal time to water your indoor or outdoor garden is in the early morning at about 10 am on average. This can vary, depending on your region of the planet, and what time of year it is. Some regions may do better getting watered a little earlier, but generally not later.

Watering your vegetables early in the morning helps to allow the water to sink all the way down to the roots of these plants. This will help to minimize the amount of water lost due to evaporation, especially in warmer climates. If you do it in the later morning or afternoon, when the sun is up, the amount of water that will be lost to evaporation will be great. This will deny your plants the necessary moisture to support their growth and development.

Another reason to support watering plants in the morning is the availability of the same water through the day. Water that has already sunk into the soil will evaporate at a much slower rate. This will improve the availability of water throughout the day. The plants will be able to deal better with the heat of the sun later in the day.

You also need to know that watering in the morning integrates with your plant’s natural growth cycle. The morning sunlight is gentle and best for photosynthesis. So, your plants will naturally optimize their rate of photosynthesis early to mid-morning. Later in the day, as the sun gets hotter, the plants will use the water to stay hydrated.

Some people will say that early morning watering will cause scorching of outdoor vegetables. They claim that water droplets remaining on the plant leaves will focus the sunlight on the plant leading to scorching. However, there is actually no scientific proof to support these claims. Scorching is pretty much a non-issue in most parts of the world. Very few parts of the world receive sunlight with enough intensity to scotch plants and honestly at that point you have bigger problems to address.

In fact, no matter how intense the sun’s heat is, any water droplets on the leaves would evaporate much faster before they can cause scorching. However, if you believe the sun’s heat in the part where you live is too intense then you can go with an alternative watering time which we shall discuss now.

Watering Late In the Afternoon

Generally the only reason why you would choose to water your plants later in afternoon is morning inconvenience. Since most of us are not full-time gardeners, it may not be convenient to water your indoor or outdoor plants early in the morning because of tight schedules.

It is safe to water your plants later in the afternoon when the sun is not so hot. At this time, the chances of your plants burning or scorching are greatly limited. Besides, your vegetables should have enough time to dry out well before the nightfall.

The optimal time to water your plants in the afternoon is at around 4 pm. Again, this can vary depending on your specific location on the planet. The sun will no longer be at its hottest intensity at this time. You can stretch into the early evening if you must. Watering the plants early than 4 pm may predispose your plants to scorch.

However, the situation may force you to water your plants later in the morning or early afternoon. Do this if you must but only occasionally. You should not make it a habit or you risk scorching all your vegetables and sustaining losses.

Can You Water Your Garden At Night?

As you have already learned, the best time to water your indoor or outdoor garden is early in the morning or late in the afternoon. But what can you do if you are busy at these times of the day yet you have a vegetable garden to tend to? Can you water your plants at night?

According to gardening experts, night garden watering is not recommended. While there is no sunshine at night, the presence of water droplets on leaves for extended periods does even greater harm to your plants. Here are the main reasons that contraindicate watering plants at night:

Water droplets on leaves will sit there for extended periods due to lack of evaporation.
The soil may also become clogged with water for the same reason

The result of both effects is the growth of mold and certain fungi around the roots, on the stems as well as leaves of your vegetables. This will definitely interfere with the health and productivity of the plants if it doesn't kill them.

The only reason for watering plants at night is the hydration state of your plants. If your plants are too dehydrated to wait until morning, do it as a last resort. In this case, you have to use the right watering technique to avoid any negative effects.

If you must do it, ensure you direct the water only to the soil. Be careful to avoid the plant leaves and stems. You should also reduce the amount of water you use to avoid water-logging the soil. Make use of a soaker hose or an irrigation tape. This will make your work much easier.

Conclusion

Well there you go my fellow gardener. Hopefully now you now know the best time to water your indoor or outdoor gardens. Or at least you have a better idea on what will work for your specific garden. Your plants will now grow faster, healthier, and happier. You can expect optimal yields from your garden. When making your schedule, try to create some time early in the morning or later in the afternoon to provide your plants with enough water to consistently support their growth. Only water them at night as a last resort.

Related Review & Buying Guides:

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Gardening, Gardening How to, Plant Problems

Basic Hydroponics – What exactly is it?

Pros – In my opinion, the pro’s will far outweigh the con’s, but nonetheless, lets go over everything so you can really know what you are getting into before you make the investment.

Your plants will grow bigger and at a faster rate than if you had a similar set up with soil. You will have bigger fruits and veggies or whatever it is that you are growing.

Cons – Yes there are some things to consider here. It’s not all fun and games.

If you lose power for very long you can lose whatever it is you are growing. If it’s just a few hours, you should be ok. If it’s much longer than that, you could be in for a rough day.

It costs more to set up at first than soil. This list consists of about ten item’s and that doesn’t even include the light if you are growing indoors. While it can save you money with time, it is definitely not the cheapest way to go especially at first.

Deep Water Culture

A Net Pot lid – You will need a “Net pot lid” which is the lid that will go on top of the bucket. It has the mesh built right into it. It will hold Hydroton and the plant itself. .

Hydroton – Hydroton is basically just clay pellets. They take the place of soil. They will hold the plant in place while it is growning. And one really nice thing about hydroton is that it is reusable! Just give it a thorough rinsing between uses.

pH tester – You will need a pH tester so that you can keep the pH where the plants need it to be. It all depends on what you are growing, but generally speaking you will want to keep the pH around 5.6-6.0

Ok so now we have a list of everything that we will need to get started. So where do we begin? Lets get that first bucket set up.

Start soaking your air stones in water. They need to soak for at least 10-15 minutes before you start running air through them.

Drill a 1/4′ hole through the top of your bucket about 1″ from the top. You will need this hole to run your air line through to your air stone which will be at the bottom of the bucket.

Check your pH. Most plants are happy with their pH being somewhere between 5.5 to 7. But do your homework on your specific plants. You will want to check the pH after you have added nutrients because your pH can change after adding nutrients and you don’t want to do it twice.

Plug in and turn on your air pump. You should see a nice healthy amount of bubbles. That’s it! Put it under a light or keep it in front of a window.

Conclusion

Other articles you may enjoy reading

Can I Water My Plants With Tea?

Have you ever been sitting out in your garden enjoying a cup of tea and when your finished there’s some left in the tea pot. You could put it down the drain however that would be a waste of water. You maybe wondered “Can I water my plants with tea?”

Let’s find out…

What benefits are there in watering with drunken tea? If you conduct a chemical analysis of tea, you can find in the composition of the drink minerals and organic matter, as well as tannins, that will acidify your soil. Not all houseplants need such acidification.

We can certainly say that ferns that suffer from the action of carbonate salts in soil or water as well as cacti that love hard water and the tannins it contains, respond well to tea.

The rest of the houseplants, however, react to the watering of the teapot with a lot of disdain or probably disgust. More so, there is no reliable experimental data that would prove the obvious benefit of such a fertilizer.

There is an opinion that regular mulching of the soil with tea residue helps to retain moisture, and if you make tea leaves under flowers indoors and gently store them in a flowerpot, the plants will receive a fertilizer with an extended lifespan.

Disadvantages of Watering Your Plants with Tea

Flavored tea with additives can lead to dramatic consequences for flowers including root rot and imbalance of soil nutrients.

Watering plants with tea leaves that contain sugar provokes the appearance of a fungus mosquito in the pot, black midges, and other pests that are not easily eliminated. These pests will start a toxic relationship with your flower and will require a huge chunk of alimony to severe the marriage.

When using moldy tea, you can introduce bacteria, mold in the soil (apparently) and cause soil contamination.

For cases of domestic greenhouses that prefer acidic soil, such addition can only do more damage than good.

Top Tip: You can determine the acidification of the soil by such signs as a greenish coating on the soil, which gives off an unpleasant smell, rotting of inflorescences and leaves, as well as mold on the petioles of plants.

These arguments will make the supporters of the “grandmother” methods reflect and think deeply. But if you are a cultured person and can’t be dissuaded by what neighborhood folks think, you might as well go ahead with teeing up your flower, pun intended.

How to Use Tea Leaves for Irrigation and Fertilizer?

This option may be acceptable to supporters of organic floriculture, as natural remedies have recently become widespread.

Top Trick: Any tea can be used for watering: black, green, herbal. The main thing is that it does not contain additives and flavors of synthetic origin.

How to Water Plants With Tea Infusion?

Make sure your flowers need soil acidification. Plants like tomatoes, oxalis poinsettia, and east lily thrive in acidic conditions. A simple soil test can be performed with a litmus test.

You do not need to constantly pour this fertilizer under the flowers, several times a month is enough. Avoid watering your plants with tea that has added sugar, acidic or moldy solution. You can use a cool, weak, unsweetened solution at room temperature.

Top Trick: If, in addition to watering, the tea leaves also flow under the flowers, then it is necessary to strictly fix the amount of them, mixing them with the top layer of the soil. This method will help maintain humidity, which will require you to water the plant less often.

Some Other Ways to Use Tea Leaves.

If you are a tea addict like many of us, then you might be “elated” to discover that there are other means to use them.

A large amount of waste after drinking tea can be turned into a drainage layer when planting a flower in a new pot.

To do this, lay the tea leaves on the layer of expanded clay, sprinkle with earth and plant a flower. When it reaches the roots of the lower soil layer, part of the tea leaves already decompose and serve as organic fertilizer.

Instead of a drainage layer, the dried tea leaves are mixed with the flower soil when a plant is transplanted into another pot. This additive is acceptable if the soil is dense, then it acts as a baking powder.

Wrapping Up

So, if you use tea for watering, then you should do it following all the rules, do not use additives and flavorings, or moldy raw materials. This method is best for plants that prefer acidic soil and hard water with tannins.

When adopting this method, try to regularly loosen the soil under the flowers indoors and monitor the condition of the plants. When midges and other insects appear, you need to cultivate the soil and reduce watering.

Other articles you may enjoy reading

When to Water Plants? The Best Time to Water is.........

Water Your Plants in the Morning

The optimal time to water your indoor or outdoor garden is in the early morning at about 10 am on average. This can vary, depending on your region of the planet, and what time of year it is. Some regions may do better getting watered a little earlier, but generally not later.

Also Read: ​Best Tow Behind Sprayer ​​​

Watering Late In the Afternoon

Generally the only reason why you would choose to water your plants later in afternoon is morning inconvenience. Since most of us are not full-time gardeners, it may not be convenient to water your indoor or outdoor plants early in the morning because of tight schedules.

It is safe to water your plants later in the afternoon when the sun is not so hot. At this time, the chances of your plants burning or scorching are greatly limited. Besides, your vegetables should have enough time to dry out well before the nightfall.

However, the situation may force you to water your plants later in the morning or early afternoon. Do this if you must but only occasionally. You should not make it a habit or you risk scorching all your vegetables and sustaining losses.

Can You Water Your Garden At Night?

As you have already learned, the best time to water your indoor or outdoor garden is early in the morning or late in the afternoon. But what can you do if you are busy at these times of the day yet you have a vegetable garden to tend to? Can you water your plants at night?

According to gardening experts, night garden watering is not recommended. While there is no sunshine at night, the presence of water droplets on leaves for extended periods does even greater harm to your plants. Here are the main reasons that contraindicate watering plants at night:

Water droplets on leaves will sit there for extended periods due to lack of evaporation.

The soil may also become clogged with water for the same reason

The result of both effects is the growth of mold and certain fungi around the roots, on the stems as well as leaves of your vegetables. This will definitely interfere with the health and productivity of the plants if it doesn't kill them.

The only reason for watering plants at night is the hydration state of your plants. If your plants are too dehydrated to wait until morning, do it as a last resort. In this case, you have to use the right watering technique to avoid any negative effects.

If you must do it, ensure you direct the water only to the soil. Be careful to avoid the plant leaves and stems. You should also reduce the amount of water you use to avoid water-logging the soil. Make use of a soaker hose or an irrigation tape. This will make your work much easier.

Conclusion

Related Review & Buying Guides:

​Best Rear Tine Tiller Reviews

​Best Commercial Weed Eaters Reviews​​​

check​Best Sprinkler Heads

Also Read: Best Tow Behind Sprayer

Best Rear Tine Tiller Reviews

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checkBest Sprinkler Heads